Fern and moss reproduce by ___________

Ferns reproduce by spores, which are produced in structures called sporangia typically found on the underside of fern fronds. These spores are released into the environment and can grow into new fern plants under suitable conditions.

Mosses, on the other hand, reproduce through spores as well as through asexual reproduction via fragmentation or gemmae. Spores are produced in capsules called sporophytes, which develop on the tips of stalks called setae. When the spores are released, they can germinate and grow into new moss plants. Additionally, mosses can produce gemmae, small multicellular structures that can grow into new moss plants under suitable conditions.