Q1. What is electromagnet? On which principals does it work. Explain with the help of a diagram

Electromagnets are made out of a coil of wire (wire curled in series). This is more effective in producing a magnetic field than just a wire running straight. This effect can be strengthened by winding a wire tightly around a powerful core, made of magnetic material, such as iron. The picture above shows a coil wound around an iron nail. On its own, the iron nail is not magnetic.

Working Principle of Electromagnets

So how does this work? Let’s consider the iron nail itself. Why does it not produce a magnetic field when not influenced by an electric field? What changes?

Normally, the atoms in the nail are oriented in random directions and individual magnetic fields cancel each other out. Under the influence of electric current, these atoms are reoriented to start pointing in the same direction. All these individual magnetic fields together create a strong magnetic field. As the current flow increases, this degree of reorientation also increases, resulting in a stronger magnetic field. Once all the particles are reoriented perfectly in the same direction, increasing current flow will not affect the magnetic field produced. At this point, the magnet is said to be saturated.