An inventor claims to have invented four engines. Each of which operates between heatr reservoirs at 400 and 300 K.
(a) Which of these engines violate the second law of thermodynamic? (there may be) 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]()
(a) which of these engines violate the first law of thermodynamic? (there may be more than one correct answer)
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(b) which of these engines violate the second law of thermodynamic? (There may be more than one correct answer!)
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4












