Why phase change is 180 degree when reflection from denser medium? And why there is no phase change when reflection from rare medium?

An oscillator consists of a block of mass 512 g connected to a spring. When set into oscillation with amplitude 34.7 cm, it is observed to repeat its motion every 0.484 s. Find (a) the period, (b) the frequency, (c) the angular frequency, (d) the force constant, (e) the maximum speed, and ( f ) the maximum force exerted on the block.

A PLANE TRANSMISSION GRATING HAS 45000 LINES. DETERMINE ITS RESOLVING POWER IN THE SECOND ORDER FOR WAVELENGTH OF 5000A.

A PLANE TRANSMISSION GRATING HAS 45000 LINES. DETERMINE ITS RESOLVING POWER IN THE SECOND ORDER FOR WAVELENGTH OF 5000A.

If V-numer of a multi mode fiber is 3. Calculate the no.of modes if it is step index and graded index fiber multimode fiber (rounded off)?

What is the difference between angular position and angular fringe width... I always get confused .