Scalars and Vectors

Table of Content

Scalars
Vectors
Unit Vectors
Anti Parallel Vectors
- Properties of a Null vector
Related Resources

Different physical quantities can be classified into the following two categories:

Basic Difference Between Scalar and Vector

Scalars

Scalar quantities are those quantities which require only the magnitude for their complete specifications. Physical quantities which can be completely specified by a number and unit, and therefore have the magnitude only, are scalars. Some physical quantities which are scalar are mass, length, time, energy, volume, density, temperature, electric charge, electric potential etc. These examples obey the algebraic law of addition.

Vectors

Vector Quantity

Vector quantities are those quantities which require magnitude as well as direction for their complete specifications. Vectors are physical quantities, which besides having both magnitude and direction also obey the law of geometrical addition. (The law of geometrical addition, i.e. the law of triangular addition and law of parallelogram are discussed later in this chapter). Some physical quantities, which are vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, electric intensity, magnetic intensity, magnetic moment etc. Vector quantities cannot, in general, be added in algebraically.

Important Note:- Electric current possesses magnitude and direction (through the conductor), but it is not a vector quantity. Electric current is a scalar quantity.

Representation of a Vector:-
Since vectors have directions, any representation of them has to include the direction.
To represent a vector we use a line with an arrow head. The length of the line represents the magnitude of vector and direction of the arrow represents the direction of the vector. Let us start with a vector quantity called displacement. In the enclosed figure the change of position from point O to A is represented graphically by the directed line segment with an arrowhead to represent direction of motion.

Vector is a Physical quantity and all physical quantities have units. Hence, the vectors also have units, they are called unit vectors.

A vector can be represented by observing the following steps:

(a) Draw a line parallel to the direction of vector.

(b) Cut a length of the line so that it represents the magnitude of the vector on a certain convenient scale.

(c) Put an arrowhead in the direction of the vector.

(d) A vector is written with an arrowhead over its symbol like “ $\vec{X}$ ”.

Unit Vectors

A unit vector is a vector having a magnitude of unity. Its only purpose is to describe a direction in space. On x-y co-ordinate system $\hat{i}$ denote unit vector in positive x direction and $\hat{j}$ denotes unit vector in positive y direction.

Any vector in x – y plane can be represented in terms of these unit vectors $\hat{i}$ and $\hat{j}$ .

Similarly any vector in a 3 dimensional x y z space can be represented in terms of unit vectors $\hat{i}$ , $\hat{j}$ and $\hat{k}$ . Here, $\hat{k}$ is the unit vector in the positive z direction, as shown in figure above.

Collinear vectors:- Vectors having a common line of action are called collinear vectors. There are two types of collinear vectors. One is parallel vector and another is anti parallel vector.

Collinear Vector

Parallel Vectors:- Two or more vectors (which may have different magnitudes) are said to be parallel (θ = 0°) when they are parallel to the same line. In the figure below, the vectors $\vec{A}$ and $\vec{B}$ are parallel.

Anti Parallel Vectors

parallel-vectors

Two or more vectors (which may have different magnitudes) acting along opposite direction are called anti-parallel vectors.In the figure below, the vectors $\vec{B}$ and $\vec{C}$ are anti parallel vectors.

Equal Vectors:- Two or more, vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude (length) and direction, whatever their initial points. In the figure above, the vectors A and B are equal.

Negative Vectors:- Two vectors which have same magnitude (length) but their direction is opposite to each, other called the negative vectors of each other. In figure above vectors A and C or B and C are negative vectors.

Null Vectors:- A vector having zero magnitude an arbitrary direction is called zero vector or ‘null vector’and is written as = O vector. The initial point and the end point of such a vector coincide so that its direction is indeterminate. The concept of null vector is hypothetical but we introduce it only to explain some mathematical results.

Properties of a Null Vector

(a) It has zero magnitude.

(b) It has arbitrary direction

(d) When a null vector is added or subtracted from a given vector the resultant vector is same as the given vector.

(e) Dot product of a null vector with any vector is always zero.

(f) Cross product of a null vector with any vector is also a null vector.

Invariance of the Vector:- Any vector is invariant so it can be taken anywhere in the space keeping its magnitude and direction same. In other words, the vectors remain invariant under translation.

Co-planar Vector:- Vectors situated in one plane, irrespective of their directions, are known as co-planar vectors.

Localized Vectors:- Vector whose initial point (tail) is fixed is said to be a localized or a fixed vector.

Non-localized Vectors:- Vector whose initial point (tail) is not fixed is said to be a non-localized or a free vector.

Refer this video for better understanding about scalar and vector:-

Question 1:-

A ship sets out to sail a point 124 km due north. An unexpected storm blows the ship to a point 72.6 km to the north and 31.4 km to the east of its starting point. How far, and in what direction, must it now sail to reach its original destination?

Solution:-

Assumption:-

Vector Diagram of the Ship

We assume that the ship was initially at point O from where it was drawn to the new position A and finally it went to its destination to reach point D(shown in the figure below).

We assume that the position vector of point D relative to point A is given by vector $\vec{a}$ such that the vertical and horizontal components of the vector describe the motion of the ship lately.

We also assume that the position vector of point D relative to point O is given by vector whereas the position vector of point A relative to point O is given by vector $\vec{b}$ .

For vector $\vec{c}$ (refer diagram above, the red color vector),

Since this is a position vector for point D relative to O, it has only vertical vector component, given as:

$c_{y}\hat{j} = 124 km \hat{j}$

We have shown the vertical component of vector $\vec{c}$ in the figure above in red color to avoid confusion.

The horizontal vector component of this vector is zero and can be written as:

$c_{x}\hat{i} = 0 km \hat{i}$

For vector $\vec{b}$ (refer diagram above, the blue color vectors),

Since the ship was driven 31.4 km east and 72.6 km north, the horizontal and vertical vector component of vector $\vec{b}$ is given as:

$b_{x}\hat{i} = 31.4 km \hat{i}$

$b_{y}\hat{j} = 72.6 km \hat{j}$

For vector $\hat{a}$ (refer diagram above, the black color vectors),

Since the ship was meant to go only in the north, the horizontal displacement of the ship, when it is at point A, from its destination is 31.4 east. Therefore the horizontal vector component of vector $\vec{a}$ can be written as:

$a_{x}\hat{i} = -31.4 km \hat{i}$

The negative sign shows that the vertical vector components points in the west that is opposite to the direction of the unit vector $\hat{i}$ .

The vertical vector component of vector $\vec{a}$ can be calculated from the difference between vertical vector component of vector $\vec{c}$ and the vertical vector component of vector $\vec{b}$ as:

$a_{y}\hat{j} = c_{y}\hat{j}+b_{y}\hat{j}$

$= 124 km\hat{j} - 72.6 km \hat{j} = 51.4 km \hat{j}$

Now, we have the components of vector $\vec{a}$ , we can calculate the direction in which the ship must move and by what distance.

Let us assume that the angle subtended by vector $\vec{a}$ on negative x axis is ?. The sign of the angle will indicate if the angle was measured clockwise or counterclockwise.

The angle can be calculated as:

? = tan^-1 (a_y/a_x)

Also from the components of vector $\vec{a}$ , we have that

a_y = 51.4 km

a_x = -31.4 km

Substituting the values in the equation above, we have

? = tan^-1 (51.4 km/-31.4 km)

= - 58.5°

The negative sign indicates that the angle is measured in the counterclockwise direction.

Therefore the ship must go in the direction 58.5° north of west to reach its destination.

The distance that the ship needs to travel, to reach its destination is equal to the magnitude of vector $\vec{a}$ . We can write the vector in the unit vector notation as:

$\vec{a} = a_{x}\hat{i} + a_{y}\hat{j}$

$\vec{a} = -31.4 km \hat{i} + 51.4 km\hat{j}$

The magnitude of this vector is:

|a| = √(a_x)² +(a_y)²

= √(-31.4 km)² +(51.4 km)²

= 60.2 km

Therefore the ship has to go 60.2 km in the direction of vector $\vec{a}$ .

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