Hydrogen Chloride

Table of Content

Discovery of Hydrogen Chloride
Manufacture of Hydrogen Chloride
Properties of HCl
Uses of Hydrogen Chloride
More Readings

Discovery of Hydrogen Chloride

Fig. 1: structure of Hydrogen Chloride with bond length

In 1648, Glauber turned into the first person to manufacture hydrogen chloride by warming a blend of basic salt and sulphuric acid in concentrated form. In 1810, Davy demonstrated that it is a compound of chlorine and hydrogen.

Δ
       NaCl + H₂SO₄      →    NaHSO₄           + HCl
Common salt          Conc. Sulphuric                      Sodium            Hydrogen
(Sodium Chloride)              acid                                 bisulphate       Chloride

Manufacture of Hydrogen Chloride

Hydrogen Chloride is set up in the research facility by treating sodium chloride with concentrated sulphuric acid. The reaction blend, comprising of concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium chloride, is initially warmed to 420K.

420K
       NaCl + H₂SO₄      →    NaHSO₄           + HCl
Common salt          Conc. Sulphuric                      Sodium              Hydrogen
(Sodium Chloride)              acid                           bisulphate            Chloride

Sodium bisulphate is acquired as a by result, which is insoluble. Subsequently, sodium bisulphate is further mixed with more sodium chloride and further warmed to a high temperature of around 823K to give dissolvable sodium sulfate and HCl gas.

823K
NaHSO4 + NaCl → Na2SO4 + HCl
Sodium bisulphate Sodium Chloride Sodium sulphate Hydrogen chloride

The HCl gas is dried by advancing it through concentrated sulphuric acid. HCl is not dried either over phosphorus pentoxide or brisk lime since it reacts with both of these compounds

Properties of HCl

Properties
Chemical Formula	CIH
Molar Mass	36.46 g.mol^-1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Odor	Pungent
Density	1.49 g L^-1
Melting Point	-114.22°C (-173.60°F; 158.93K)
Boiling Point	-85.05°C (-121.09°F; 188.10K)
Solubility in water	823 g/L (0°C)
	720 g/L (20°C)
	561 g/L (60°C)
Solubility	Soluble in methanol, ethanol, ether

Fig. 2: Properties of hydrogen chloride

Structure of hydrogen chloride

Fig. 3: Structure of hydrogen chloride

Hydrogen Chloride is a vapid gas with an impactful pungent odor.
It melts to a colorless fluid at 189K and forms a white solid at 159K upon freezing.
It is exceedingly soluble in water.
An aqueous arrangement of Hydrogen Chloride is called hydrochloric acid.
An aqueous arrangement of Hydrogen Chloride experiences ionization to deliver hydronium particles and chloride particles.
This can be shown as below:

Fig. 4: An aqueous arrangement of hydrogen chloride experiences ionization to deliver hydronium particles and chloride particles

A higher value of dissociation constant (Ka) shows that hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
HCl can dissociate very nearly 100 percent to create hydronium particles; it is viewed as a solid acid.
Hydrochloric acid reacts with metals and salts to shape chlorides
Example: It reacts with zinc to frame zinc chloride, and with sodium hydroxide to shape sodium chloride.

Fig. 5: Reaction of Hydrogen Chloride with zinc to frame zinc chloride, and with sodium hydroxide to shape sodium chloride

Hydrochloric acid reacts with iron to shape ferrous chloride.

Fe + 2HCl FeCl₂ +H₂
Iron Ferrous chloride

Hydrochloric acid reacts with ammonia to shape thick white vapour of ammonium chloride.

NH₃ + HCl NH₄Cl
Ammonium Ammonium Chloride

Noble metals break down in a concentrated arrangement of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid taken in the proportion of 1:3. This arrangement is known as aqua regia.
Hydrochloric acid breaks down salts of weaker acids, for example, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulfite.
Hydrochloric acid breaks down sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water, while it deteriorates sodium sulfite to sodium chloride, sulfur dioxide, and water.

Sodium Carbonate

Na₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO₂↑ + H₂O
Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride carbon dioxide Water

Sodium Bicarbonate

NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + CO₂↑ + H₂O
Sodium bicarbonate Sodium chloride carbon dioxide Water

Sodium Sulphate

Na₂SO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO₂↑ + H₂O
Sodium sulphite Sodium chloride Sulphur dioxide Water

Uses of Hydrochloric Acid

It is utilized as a part of the fabrication of chlorine, and chlorides like ammonium chloride. It is likewise utilized as a part of the fabrication of glucose from corn starch.
It is utilized as a research facility reagent and in medicines.
A saturated arrangement of zinc chloride in dilute hydrochloric acid is utilized to remove the contaminations on a metal surface before welding or electroplating.