Revision Notes on Data Handling

Data

Any raw information which we collect to know about it and to compare certain things is called Data. This information is in the form of facts and figures and is collected for some specific purpose.

Example

• Number of students in the class

• The temperature in a state on daily basis.

Data Handling

We need to collect, organize and represent that data to draw inferences from it. This is called Data Handling.

Collecting Data

Collection of data depends upon the further requirement of the data. Before collecting any data we must know that what will be the use of data.

If we have to compare the marks of the toppers in different classes then we need the data of all the classes not only one class having any topper.

Organization of Data

Before using any data, first, we need to organize it in a systematic manner so that it could be understood easily. Generally, data is organized in tabular form as it is easy to read and understand.

In this tabular form, we can easily understand that how many students get how much mark.

Representative Values

There must be a particular value which represents the complete data. This is the average of the data. The average lies between the smallest and the largest number of data so it is called Central tendency of the group of data.

There are three types of central tendency of data-

1. Arithmetic Mean

The mean is the average of the number of observations. To calculate mean we have to divide the sum of the values of the observations by the total number of observations.

Example

The score of 8 students in science is given. Find the average score of the students.

25, 28, 23, 24, 29, 35, 42, 48

Solution

Remark: This is not necessary that the value of mean will be from one of the observations.

Range

Arithmetic mean lies between the smallest and the largest observation. A range is a difference between the largest and the smallest observation.

Range = Largest Observation – Smallest Observation

Example

If the age of the students in a class is given then what will be the range of the given students?

2. Mode

For a different type of requirements different central tendencies are used.

Mode tells us the number of observation which occurs more frequently. The observation which occurs most of the time is called the Mode of that group.

Example

If we have the observation of average temperature in New Delhi for 12 months then find the month in which it has the maximum average temperature? What is the mode of the given observation?

Month	Average Temperature
January	18
February	22
March	24
April	25
May	25
June	29
July	27
August	27
September	27
October	25
November	21
December	19

Solution

As you can see that the maximum average temperature is in the month of June.

Its mode will be 27 as it occurs more frequently i.e. three times.

Mode of a Large Number of Observations

If the number of observations is very large then we can convert the data in the tabular form using frequencies and tally marks. Then it will be easy to find the mode of the given data.

So you can check the number of observation which has a large number of frequency is the mode of that group.

Example

Find the mode of the data of scores obtained by students of class 7 in Sanskrit given below.

Solution

As you can see that the maximum average temperature is in the month of June.

Its mode will be 27 as it occurs more frequently i.e. three times.

Mode of a Large Number of observations

If the number of observations is very large then we can convert the data in the tabular form using frequencies and tally marks. Then it will be easy to find the mode of the given data.

So you can check the number of observation which has a large number of frequency is the mode of that group.

Example

Find the mode of the data of scores obtained by students of class 7 in Sanskrit given below.

Score	Number of Students
2	4
4	2
8	3
9	2
11	5
13	4
15	6
18	8

Solution

The mode is the 18 as the maximum number of students i.e. 8 students score 18.

3. Median

The middle value of the given number of the observations which divides it into exactly two parts is called Median.

To find the median, we have to arrange the data in ascending or descending order then find the middle value of the given number of observations that is the median of that group.

a. If the number of observation is odd

b. If the number of observation is even

Example

 

Use of Bar Graphs with a Different Purpose

 Bar graphs can be used for finding the measures of central tendency also, as we know the observation with the more frequency is the mode hence the bar with the tallest height must be the mode of the data.

Choosing a Scale

It is important to choose the scale according to the given data as the length of the bar depends upon the scale we choose.

Bar Graph

It is the representation of data with the use of bars of the same width and the length of bars depends upon the number of frequency.

Here we can see that the highest number is 14 and the lowest number is 7 so we can take the scale of one.

By the graph, we can observe that jazz is the most preferred form of music by the students.

Double Bar Graph

This is the same as the bar graph just the two bars are joined off to represent two data on the same graph. This is used to compare certain information.

Example

Represent the number of wild animals found in two states given below in double bar graph.

Wild Animals	Karnataka	Tamil Nadu
Lion	20	18
Tiger	16	20
Elephant	30	25
Rhino	15	22
Zebra	25	28

Solution

• Here we have chosen a scale of 5.

• The x-axis represents the name of wild animals.

• Y-axis represents the number of wild animals.

• The blue bar represents the number of animals in Karnataka.

• Pink bars represent the number of animals in Tamil Nadu.

This double bar graph is used to compare the number of animals in different states.

Chance and Probability

Chance

In our day to day life, there are so many situations when we say that this is impossible, or this is possible, or this may or may not possible. So the situations which may or may not happen have the chance to happen.

• This shows that it is not possible to throw 14 in the combination of two dices.

• It is certain that the sun will rise.

• It may or may not happen that a head has come when we flip a coin. As both, the head and tail have an equal chance.

Probability

Probability is the study of uncertainty The uncertainty of any doubtful situation is measured by means of Probability.

This tells us the chance of happening some outcomes from the total possible outcomes.

Example

If we throw a dice then what is the probability that we will get a 5?

Solution

Favourable outcome = 1 (there is only one possibility of getting 5)

Total no. of possible outcomes = 6 (total six numbers are there on a dice)

Probability of getting 5 = 1/6