Revision Notes on Combustion and Flame 

Quick Revision: Remember, when we burn magnesium ribbon in air, it produces heat and light and we get magnesium oxide. Chemical Equation for Burning of Magnesium Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide + Heat and Light 2Mg + O2 →  2MgO + ∆ Similarly, when we burn charcoal in air, it produces carbon dioxide, heat and light. Chemical Equation for Burning of Coal Carbon + Oxygen ∆→ Carbon Dioxide + Heat and Light C + O2 → CO2 + ∆ We use different types of fuels in home, in trade and industry, and to run automobiles. These include: charcoal, CNG, coal, cowdung, diesel, petrol, wood etc. Some of these fuels burn with a flame and some without a flame. In this chapter, we will study the chemical process of burning and types of flame produced during this process

What is Combustion?

Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen and generates heat in the process.

Combustible substances are those substances that undergo combustion. It means that these substances give off heat and sometimes light (as a flame or glow) when they react with oxygen.

Inflammable substances are substances which have low ignition temperature and catch fire easily. They burn with a flame. For example, petrol, LPG etc.

Why do we say that food is fuel for our body?

When we eat food, it gets broken down in simpler substances which react with oxygen and generate energy (or heat). Hence, food is referred to as ‘fuel’ for our body.

Conditions necessary for the Combustion to take place are:

1. Combustion requires fuel.

Combustion only takes place when there is a fuel which produces heat and light when it catches fire. For example, petrol and diesel.

2. Combustion requires air.

We can prove it with the help of the following experiment:

A candle keeps burning in open air. However, when we cover it with a glass or a jar, it only burns until the oxygen inside it is consumed. Once the oxygen is exhausted, the flame of the candle flickers off.

3. Combustion requires heat.

The substance must reach its ignition temperature to catch fire.

Ignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire or starts burning.

Types of Combustion

• Rapid Combustion: Combustion in which a gas burns quickly producing heat and light in the process. E.g. LPG

• Spontaneous Combustion: Combustion in which a material bursts into flames suddenly without applying heat. E.g. Phosphorus which burns at room temperature.Spontaneous combustion of coal dust often causes accidental fires in coal mines. Heat from the sun or lighting may also cause spontaneous forest fires.

• Explosion: When a material bursts suddenly to produce heat, light and sound on the application of heat or pressure, it is called an explosion. E.g. Crackers and fireworks which release a large amount of gas too.

How do We Control Fire?

We can control the fire by one or more of the following:

• Removing the fuel

• Cutting off the air supply (or oxygen supply)

• Cutting off heat or lowering the temperature of the fuel

How do fire extinguishers work?

Fire extinguishers are devices used to put out fires. They either cut off the air supply to fire or cool off the fuel (below the ignition temperature) or both. The three main types of fire extinguishers are:

1. ‘Dry Powder’ Fire Extinguisher: This type of fire extinguishers contain a mixture of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and sand. When you throw it over the fire, the baking soda decomposes by its heat to produce carbon dioxide. Since CO₂ is heavier than air, it descends to envelop the burning flame and cuts off its contact with air (and the oxygen supply).

2NaHCO₃  → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂

2. ‘Soda-acid’ Fire Extinguisher: This fire extinguisher is a metallic cylinder which contains the sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) solution. At the bottom of the cylinder, the concentrated sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) is placed in a thin sealed glass tube. A fixed wire gauze surrounds this tube.

Below the tube, a plunger is placed with its sharp end touching the thin glass tube.

On the top of the cylinder, there is a nozzle which is sealed with wax.

When the plunger hits against the floor, its sharp end breaks the thin glass tube and the acid inside it reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce carbon dioxide. CO₂ forces the wax seal open and rushes out of the nozzle to put out the fire in the direction where the nozzle is pointed.

3. ‘Foam-type’ Fire Extinguisher: Like the soda-acid fire extinguisher, it uses sodium bicarbonate solution. However, in this case, a substance called Saporin or Turkey Red Oil is added to the solution to produce foam along with the gas from the nozzle. Since this foam is lighter than oil, it floats on the surface of the oil and cuts off its air supply. Hence, it is very effective in putting out oil fires.

When should we use (or not use) water to extinguish the fire?

When wood, paper and clothes are on fire, we can use water to extinguish them. Water lowers the temperature of burning material below ignition temperature and thus, the fire stops burning.

We should not use water when electrical equipment is on fire as water may conduct electricity and give a shock to people dousing the fire. Also, it should not be used when oil or petrol catches fire as water is lighter than oil and petrol and sinks down. Oil and petrol keep floating on the top and keep burning.

What should we do when electrical equipment or inflammable materials (like petrol) catch fire?

Carbon Dioxide is the best fire extinguisher in such cases. CO₂ is heavier than oxygen and hence, covers the burning material like a blanket and cuts off its oxygen supply. Also, it does not harm the electrical equipment.

CO₂ can be stored as a liquid in cylinders at high pressure. When it is released, it immediately expands, cools down, and envelopes the fire - bringing down the temperature of the fuel. One can also pour dry chemicals like sodium bicarbonate (or baking soda) or potassium carbonate on the fire as they release CO₂ near a fire.

Flame

Flame is a hot glowing body of ignited gas which is produced when something is on fire.

Some materials burn with a flame and some do not. Here is a table based on a general observation:

Materials forming Flame on Burning

Material	Forms flame	Does not form a flame
Candle	Forms flame
Magnesium		Does not form a flame
Camphor	Forms flame
Kerosene Stove	Forms flame
Charcoal	Forms flame

Structure of a Flame

A flame has three zones:

1. Outermost zone is blue in colour and is the hottest part of the flame. This is also the zone where complete combustion takes place.

2. Middle zone is yellow in colour and is moderately hot. In this zone, partial combustion takes place.

3. Innermost zone is black in colour and least hot. Here, we can find the unburned wax vapours of a candle.

Note: Kerosene oil and molten wax vapourise during burning but charcoal does not produce flame or vapourise when it burns.

Why do goldsmiths blow at the outermost zone of a flame for melting gold and silver?

The outermost zone of a flame is its hottest part. Gold and silver have high melting points and hence, goldsmiths blow at the outermost zone of the flame to melt gold and silver quickly.

What is a Fuel?

Fuels are substances that give us heat which we use for domestic and industrial purposes, such as wood, kerosene, and petrol.

What will an ideal fuel or good fuel look like?

Ideally, a good fuel is one which:

• has proper ignition temperature (neither too high nor too low),

• does not produce undesirable or poisonous substances and cause pollution,

• does not leave behind much ash,

• is cheap,

• is readily available,

• produces a large amount of heat or have high calorific value,

• has a moderate rate of consumption,

• is easily controllable (can be started or stopped as needed),

• is easy to handle and transport, and

• has low moisture content (so that it burns easily).

Note: Some fuels are cheaper than others.

Fuel Efficiency

Fuel efficiency of a fuel depends on its calorific value.

The calorific value of a fuel depends on the amount of heat produced by complete combustion of 1 kg of the fuel. The unit used to measure the calorific value of a fuel is kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg).

Calorific Value of Common Fuels We Use

If we look at the table, we will see that hydrogen seems to be the most efficient fuel followed by LPG. CNG and Methane come next, closely followed by Kerosene, Diesel and Methane. Cow dung cake seems to be the least efficient fuel here.

Uses of Fuels

Some of the ways in which common fuels are used are:

1. Gasoline is used in cars, scooters and other vehicles we use every day.

2. Natural gas is used in heating systems, water heaters, dryers, and stovetops in our homes.

3. Oil and natural gas are used in making several things that we use every day. Hydrocarbons, for example, are used in making plastics, pharmaceuticals and several other items we use daily.

4. Coal is the primary fossil fuel used in many thermal power plants to produce electricity.

Types of Fuels

Fuels can mainly be divided into three groups:

• Liquid Fuels: Petroleum (which is a fossil fuel), crude oil (from which we get petrol or gasoline), diesel, kerosene oil etc.

• Solid Fuels: Firewood, charcoal, coal (fossil fuel which is mined as steam coke or soft coke), dung cakes, tallow (animal fat), straw and other agricultural wastes, paraffin wax, camphor etc.

• Gaseous Fuels: Most commonly used gas is LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) which we use as cooking gas at home. Some of the other commonly used gaseous fuels are:

  • We get CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) from natural oil wells.

  • Natural gas (or methane) gets released from the putrefying organic matter.

  • Butane gas is obtained from natural gas.

  • In the villages, animal dung and farm waste are used to produce biogas. Biogas is also collected from sewage plants.

  • When hard coke is heated and converted into coke, coal gas is produced.

  • Water gas is produced by passing steam over red-hot coke.

  • Acetylene used a gas produced by adding calcium carbide to water. Its smell is a bit unpleasant but the flame it produces is so hot that it is used for cutting metals and welding purposes.

Harmful Effects of Burning Fuels

1. Carbon fuels like wood, coal and petroleum release ash and fine unburnt carbon particles in the air which can cause respiratory diseases like asthma. These fine particles are referred to as Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM).

2. Incomplete combustion of fuels (such as coal, gasoline and other fossil fuels) releases carbon monoxide gas which is very poisonous and can kill people sleeping in the room where coal is burning. CO combines with haemoglobin in our blood to form carboxyhemoglobin and renders it incapable of transporting oxygen. These fuels also release unburnt hydrocarbons, many of which are carcinogenic (cause cancer) and pose serious health hazards.

3. Carbon dioxide released by most fuels during combustion is causing an imbalance in the atmosphere. Deforestation is also leading to a situation where there are fewer trees to absorb the carbon dioxide. This is leading to global warming.

4. Burning of coal and diesel releases sulphur dioxide gas which is corrosive in nature and causes irritation in nose, throat and airways. It also causes shortness of breath, wheezing, and a feeling of tightness around the chest. Petrol engines release gaseous oxides of nitrogen. These sulphur and nitrogen oxides dissolve in rainwater to form acids and cause acid rain.

Global warming is the rising temperature of the Earth's atmosphere which is causing the melting down of glaciers making the sea levels rise and causing floods in coastal areas. It is caused due to the elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as CO2 absorbs infrared radiation emitted by the Earth and radiate it back to the atmosphere and raise its temperature. This is also known as the ‘greenhouse effect’. Acid Rain refers to the rain of acids that is very harmful to crops, soil, animals, and buildings. These acids are formed when sulphur and nitrogen oxides dissolve in rainwater. Acid rains also damage trees at high elevation (such as red spruce that grows 2,000 ft above sea level), causes acidification of lake or stream water, and damage forest soils. Irreplaceable buildings, statues and sculptures which are part of a nation’s cultural heritage can get destroyed due to acid rain.

Why do we not burn wood anymore?

Wood is a low-cost fuel and is easily available but burning it releases a lot of smoke which causes respiratory problems. Moreover, cutting of trees for wood (as fuel) also leads to deforestation. Hence, people now prefer to use coal or LPG as fuel instead.

Why should we use CNG as automobile fuels?

CNG is a cleaner fuel and causes much less pollution than petrol and diesel. Hence, we should use CNG-powered vehicles now.

How to Conserve Fuels?

To conserve fuels, we should:

• Collect all material required while cooking at one place before switching on the gas,

• Check the pressure of tyres regularly,

• Choose walking over using cars or motorbikes for short distances, and

• Use public transportation for travelling instead of private vehicles.