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Problem 1: The chemical reactivity of lanthanides resemble to which other elements of the periodic table?
Solution: The chemical reactivity of the starting lanthanides resemble calcium due to similar first and second ionization energy. But latter lanthanides resemble Al due to ability of showing +3 oxidation state and similarity in I.E.
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Problem 2: Enthalpies of atomization of transition elements are higher than those of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Explain.
Solution: The number of unpaired electrons in transition elements are more when compared to these in alkali and alkaline earth metals. As a result, the metallic bonds in transition metals are stronger and enthalpies of atomization are higher than those of alkali and alkaline earth metals.
Problem 3: Explain the following:
(a) Chromium is a typical metal while mercury is a liquid metal.
(b) Zinc readily liberates H2 from cold dil. H2SO4 but not form cold conc. H2SO4.
Solution:
(a) Chromium has five unpaired electrons in its d-orbitals which make its metallic bond very strong, whereas in mercury there is no unpaired d-electrons so its metallic bond is very weak, hence it is a liquid.
(b) Since, conc. H2SO4 act as an oxidizing agent hence does not evolve H2 when it reacts with zinc.
Zn + 2H2SO4 ————→ ZnSO4 + SO2 + H2O
Solution: ZnO > CdO > HgO
Problem 5: Cu+ ion has 3d104s0 configuration and colourless but Cu2O is red and Cu2S is black. Explain.
Solution: Cu+ ion has 3d104s0 configuration, i.e. it has no unpaired electron hence there is no d-d transition possible and it is colourless. But Cu2O and Cu2S are coloured due to charge transfer of electrons from O2- or S2- to the vacant orbital of Cu+ ion.
Problem 6: While Cu, Ag and Au are considered as transition elements but Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered as transition elements although all the mentioned elements have complete d-orbitals. Explain.
Solution: Although Cu, Ag and Au have their d – orbitals complete in the elemental state. They do have incomplete d orbitals in their compound state. So they are included in the transition elements.
Cu+2 = 3d9
Au+3 = 5d8
Zn, Cd and Ag have their d-orbitals complete in their elemental state as well as compound state. So they are not included in the transition elements.
Zn+2 = 3d10
Hg+2 = 5d10
Problem 7:
(i) CrO3 is an acid anhydride. Explain.
(ii) Between Na+ and Ag+ which is a stronger Lewis acid and why?
(i) CrO3 + H2O ————→ H2CrO4, i.e CrO3 is formed by loss of one H2O molecule from chromic acid.
(ii) Between Na+ and Ag+, Ag+ is stronger Lewis acid. Because Ag+ has pseudo noble gas configuration which makes it more polarizing.
Problem 8:
It is well known that alkali and alkaline earth metals displace hydrogen from dilute acids. But most of the transition elements do not behave so. Explain.
Solution: Alkali and alkaline earth metals have positive oxidation potential. But most of the transition elements have negative oxidation potentials. So they are not as good oxidizing agents as the alkali and alkaline earth metal are.
Problem 9: In the melting point curves of transition metals, one observes a dip in the curves at the end i.e. Cu, Ag & Au and Zn, Cd & Hg have lower melting points when compared to other transition metals. Explain.
Solution: In the last two groups of transition elements i.e. Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd and Hg all the electrons are paired which can not take part in metallic bonding. As a result, metallic bond in these elements is weak resulting in the lower melting points of these metals.
Problem 10: Enthalpies of atomization of transition elements are higher than those of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Explain.
Solution: The number of unpaired electrons in transition elements are more when compared to those in alkali and alkaline earth metals. As a result, the metallic bonds in transition metals are stronger and enthalpies of atomization are higher than those of alkali and alkaline earth metals.
Problem 11: Explain the following:
(a) Scandium forms no coloured ions, yet it is regarded as a transition element.
(b) Transition elements have many irregularities in electronic configurations.
(a) Scandium in the ground state has one d electron. Hence it is regarded as transition element.
(b) In the transition elements, the (n – 1)d subshell and ns subshell have very small difference in energy. The incoming electron may enter into either ns or (n-1)d subshell. Hence they show irregularities in their electronic configurations.
Problem 12: Explain the following
(b) Cobalt (II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of strong ligands, it is a easily oxidised to cobalt (III).
(a) chromium has 5 unpaired electrons in its d – orbitals which make its metallic bond very stronger. Whereas in mercury there are no unpaired d electrons, so its metallic bond is very weak.
(b) CO(III) has greater tendency to form complex than CO(II) hence in the presence of ligands CO(II) changes to CO(III).
Problem 13:
Write down the products of the following reactions.
(a) CuSO4 solution is treated with KI solution.
(b) AgNO3 solution is added to Na2S2O3 solution.
(a) Free iodine is liberated along with the formation of a white precipitate of cupric iodide.
CuSO4 + 2Kl ————→ Cul2 + K2SO4
2Cul2 ————→ 2Cul + l2
(b) A white precipitate of Ag2S2O3 is obtained which turns yellow, brown and finally black on keeping.
2AgNO3 + Na2S2O3 ————→ Ag2S2O3 + 2NaNO3
Ag2S2O3 + H2O ————→ Ag2S + H2SO4
black ppt.
Problem 14: Explain the following
(a) Zinc readily liberates H2 form cold dil.H2SO4 but not from cold conc. H2SO4.
(b) Blue colour of the CuSO4 solution is discharged slowly when an iron rod is dipped into it.
(a) Conc. H2SO4 is a covalent compound. Hence does not contain H+ ions. Dilute H2SO4 contains H3O+ which reacts with Zn and liberates H2.
H2SO4 + H2O ————→ 2H3O+ + SO42–
Zn + 2H3O+ ————→ Zn2+ + 2H2O + H2O ↑
(b) Fe is more electropositive than Cu, hence it displaces copper form CuSO4solution.
Fe(s) + CuSO(aq) ————→ FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Problem 15: An aqueous solution containing one mole of HgI2 and two moles of NaI is orange in colour. On addition of excess NaI the solution becomes colourless. The orange colour reappears on subsequent addition of NaOCl. Explain with equations.
Hgl2 + 2Nal ————→ Na2[Hgl4]
(orange) coloured due to residual Hgl2)
Hgl2 + Nal(excess) ————→ Na2[Hgl4]
orange) (colourless because there is no residual Hgl2)
2Na2[Hgl4] + 2NaOCl + H2O ————→ 2Hgl2 + NaCl + 4NaOH + 2Nal3
(orange)
Problem 16: Write down the IUPAC name of the complex K4[Fe(CN)6].
Solution: Firstly the +ve part should be named followed by the negative part in which the name of the ligand should be given in alphabetical order with the metal in the negative part ending in - ate (oxidation state in parenthesis) Thus the name is Potassiumhexacyano - C-ferrate (II). Hyphen C is shown to indicate CN– bonded via carbon.
Problem 17: Write down the IUPAC name of K2[Fe(NC)3Cl2(NH3)2].
The positive part is named first followed by the negative part. In the negative part the names are written in alphabetical order followed by metal. So the name is Potassiumdiamminedichlorotricyano-N- ferrate (III)
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Problem 18:
Write the IUPAC name of [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]Cl
Solution: In the earlier two examples the negative part was the complex part while in this case the positive part is the complex. So it is named first with ligands in alphabetical order followed by metal (but not ending in –ate as the metal belong to the positive part of the complex). This is followed by the negative part. So the name is Tetraamminedinitrocobalt (III) chloride.
Problem 19: Write the formula of a) Tetrachlorocuprate(II)ion
b) Dichlorotetraaquochromium(III)chloride
c) Bromo Chlorotetra ammine Cobalt(III) sulphate
d) Diammine Silver (I) hexacyano ferrate (II)
e) Dichlorobis (ethylenediammine) chromium (III) tetrachloro palladate (II)
f) Aluminium tetrachloro aurate (III)
a) [CuCl4]2–
b) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl
c) [Co(NH3)4BrCl2]SO4
d) [Ag(NH3)2]4[Fe(CN)6]
e) [Cr(en)2Cl2]2[PdCl4]
f) Al[AuCl4]3
Problem 20:
Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing molar conductivity:
a) K[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]
b) [Cr(NH3)3(NO2)3]
c) [Cr(NH3)5 (NO2]3 [Co(NO2)6]2
d) Mg[Cr(NH3) (NO2)5]
Solution
The larger the number of ions and the larger the charge on each, the larger the conductivity. The compounds from lowest conductivity to highest conductivity are:
b < a < d < c
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