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All the positive counting numbers starting from one are called Natural Numbers.
If we add 1 to any natural number, we get the next number, which is called the Successor of that number.
12 + 1 = 13
So 13 is the successor of 12.
If we subtract 1 from any natural number, we get the predecessor of that number.
12 – 1 = 11
So 11 is the predecessor of 12.
Remark: There is no predecessor of 1 in natural numbers.
Whole numbers are the collection of natural numbers including zero. So, the zero is the predecessor of 1 in the whole numbers.
To draw a number line, follow these steps-
Draw a line and mark a point 0 on it.
Now mark the second point to the right of zero and label it as 1.
The distance between the 0 and 1 is called the unit distance.
Now you can mark other points as 2, 3, 4 and so on with the unit distance.
This is the number line for the whole numbers.
1. The distance between two points
The distance between 3 and 5 is 2 units. Likewise, the distance between 1 and 6 is 5 units.
2. The greater number on the number line
The number on the right is always greater than the number on the left.
As number 5 is on the right of the number 2, Hence 5>2.
3. A smaller number on the number line
The number on the left of any number is always smaller than that number.
As number 3 is on the left of 7, so 3 < 7.
If we have to add 2 and 5, then start with 2 and make 5 jumps to the right. As our 5th jump is at 7 so the answer is 7.
The sum of 2 and 5 is 2 + 5 = 7
If we have to subtract 6 from 10, then we have to start from 10 and make 6 jumps to the left. As our 6th jump is at 4, so the answer is 4.
The subtraction of 6 from 10 is 10 – 6 = 4.
If we have to multiply 4 and 3, then Start from 0, make 4 jumps using 3 units at a time to the right, as you reach to 12. So, we say, 3 × 4 = 12.
Two whole numbers are said to be closed if their operation is also the whole number.
Addition
Whole numbers are closed under addition as their sum is also a whole number.
2 + 5 = 7
Yes
Subtraction
Whole numbers are not closed under subtraction as their difference is not always a whole number.
9 – 2 = 7
2 – 9 = (-7) which is not a whole number.
No
Multiplication
Whole numbers are closed under multiplication as their product is also a whole number.
9 × 5 = 45
Division
Whole numbers are not closed under division as their result is not always a whole number.
5 ÷ 1 = 5
5 ÷ 2 =, not a whole number.
Two whole numbers are said to be commutative if their result remains the same even if we swap the positions of the numbers.
The addition is commutative for whole numbers as their sum remains the same even if we interchange the position of the numbers.
5 + 2 = 7
Subtraction is not commutative for whole numbers as their difference may be different if we interchange the position of the numbers.
Multiplication is commutative for whole numbers as their product remains the same even if we interchange the position of the numbers.
5 × 9 = 45
The division is not commutative for whole numbers as their result may be different if we interchange the position of the numbers.
1 ÷ 5 =, not a whole number.
The two whole numbers are said to be associative if the result remains the same even if we change the grouping of the numbers.
The addition is associative for whole numbers as their sum remains the same even if we change the grouping of the numbers.
3 + (2 + 5) = (3 + 2) + 5
3 + 7 = 5 + 5
10 = 10
subtraction
Subtraction is not associative for whole numbers as their difference may change if we change the grouping of the numbers.
8 – (10 – 2) ≠ (8 – 10) – 2
8 - (8) ≠ (-2) – 2
0 ≠ (-4)
Multiplication is associative for whole numbers as their product remains the same even if we change the grouping of the numbers.
3 × (5 × 2) = (3 × 5) × 2
3 × (10) = (15) × 2
30 = 30
The division is not associative for whole numbers as their result may change if we change the grouping of the numbers.
24 ÷ 3 ≠ 4 ÷ 2
8 ≠ 2
This property says that if we have three whole numbers x, y and z, then
x(y + z) = xy + xz
Example
Evaluate 15 × 45
Solution
15 × 45 = 15 × (40 + 5)
= 15 × 40 + 15 × 5
= 600 + 75
= 675
If we add zero to any whole number the result will the same number only. So zero is the additive identity of whole numbers.
a + 0 = 0 + a = a
This clearly shows that if we add zero apples to 2 apples we get the two apples only.
If we multiply one to any whole number the result will be the same whole number. So one is the multiplicative identity of whole numbers.
Patterns are used for easy verbal calculations and to understand the numbers better.
We can arrange the numbers using dots in elementary shapes like triangle, square, rectangle and line.
1. We can arrange every number using dots in a line
2. We can arrange some numbers using a rectangle.
3. We can arrange some numbers using a square.
4. We can arrange some numbers using a triangle.
Patterns can be used to simplify the process.
1. 123 + 9 = 123 + 10 - 1 = 133 -1 = 132
123 + 99 = 123 + 100 – 1 = 223 – 1 = 222
2. 83 × 9 = 83 × (10-1) = 830 – 83 = 747
83 × 99 = 83 × (100-1) = 8300 – 83 = 8217
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